The eNotes Blog Toga! Toga! Toga! Its the Ides ofMarch!

Robe! Frock! Frock! Its the Ides ofMarch! In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, a diviner cautions the eventual lord to Beware the Ides of March. Like the reason for a significant number of Shakespeares plays, the driving force isn't totally unique. For this situation, he adjusted the line from Plutarchs a lot more manageable rendering in The Life of Julius Caesar which informs Caesar to notice with respect to the day of the Ides of March. Shakespeare advocated the admonition by adding a little punch to the first. Caesar would have done well to tune in to the diviner, remain at home, and make up for lost time with some perusing. After all,â the rebuke wasnt the main sign of fate. His significant other, Calphurnia, had imagined that terrible things would happen to him, and even proposals to let him censure her for being unduly on edge as a reason for him to remain at home on that destined day. For a touch of foundation, the Ides of March included a progression of muddled recipes predicated on lunar movement and was utilized in the Julian schedule, a framework which Caesar himself organized. There are different ides yet not all fall on the fifteenth. The Ides of January, for instance, falls on theâ thirteenth. Julius Caesar was to be sure killed on the Ides of March in 44 B.C. by a posse of plotters, includingâ Cassius and Brutus. (Et tu, Brute? a withering Caesar opines. In French, the natural utilization of tu instead of vous here bespeaks the closeness wherein Caesar had held his alleged companion.) Expecting nobody has had dreams of your destruction and a messy outsider hasnt murmured dangers into your ear, you might need to praise the Ides. Here are some cutting edge methods of doing as such: Bounce a plane to Rome and join the Hash House Harriers for their yearly Toga Run. Bust open a specialty house mix from Founders Brewing Company, who yearly discharges new lagers on the Ides of March. Bate thy breath and sit upon thine hands and watchâ the George Clooney film The Ides of March. what's more, obviously, TOGA TOGA!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (John Belushi in Animal House.)

Scenario medication management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Situation prescription administration - Essay Example We will be contacting a couple of subjects that go under this heading. We are first going to discuss â€Å"Mental Capacity†. There is really a follow up on mental limit which is called â€Å"The Mental Capacity Act 2005† which essentially expresses that a system is there to secure and engage individuals who are unfit for not settling on their own choices. This demonstration clarifies that the individual who can settle on choices for that inadequate individual would be considered dependable later on. The person who is taking care of the invalid ought to have the wellbeing for the individual. The individual should likewise consider that whether all things considered, the invalid individual in time or in future will have the option to settle on their own choices. As it is said by British Geriatrics Society that â€Å"Mental limit is a lawful idea and any choice with regards to whether an individual does or doesn't have mental limit is eventually a choice for a court of law†. For instance: that is an attendant gives a prescription or a medication with a food thing or fluid other than water it may cause a response and the individual who exclusively be answerable for this lead would be the medical attendant that gave the patient the medicine, where the patient was in no condition to settle on their own choice. Presently lets proceed onward to the second subject which is called â€Å"Role of Pharmacist &MDT†. As we have constantly perceived that the clinical experts work inside a clinical group and they have the sole obligation regarding the clinical administration of the patients relegated to them however with in that group the drug specialist has a particular and the most significant duty and that duty is to give sheltered and fitting utilization of medicine or medications. At the point when we take a gander at the job of a drug specialist in an emergency clinic setting it ought to essentially incorporate prescription stockpiling, bundling and aggravating, bolster faculty, see sedate consumption and quality improvement and

Word of the Week! Paradigm Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Paradigm Richmond Writing Our blog is back from Fall Break. Has Fall Break become a paradigmatic part of student life? I suspect that I just misused an honorable academic word, as many others have done, so let’s look deeper. I learned the word from Thomas Kuhn’s 1962 book,  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, where the author notes: Attempting to discover the source of that difference [between debates in the sciences and other fields of study] led me to recognize the role in scientific research of what I have since called “paradigms.” These I take to be universally recognized scientific achievements that for a time provide model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners. Kuhn’s 1957 book, The Copernican Revolution, does an even better job of explained one particular “paradigm shift.”   After we had a sun-centered model of our solar system established, we never really could go back. The adoption of Kuhn’s idea in the nearly 60 years since has been astounding, from boring corporate Powerpoints to often opaque, and occasionally silly, literary theory. Before Kuhn, however, what was the status of this overly popular term? The OED traces our word to post-classical Latin  paradigma, meaning an example. Examples range back to the 15th Century. Im surprised that the entrys usage frequency is six of eight. The definitions clarify what sort or example a paradigm can be. Its closest to Kuhns notion as a pattern or model, an exemplar. Kuhns own usage for science gets its own set of definitions. I hope that this sense of the word endures. Kuhn, in defining paradigms, provides us with a paradigm for academic immortality, the best any scholar can hope to have in a busy world. Use our word carefully. I write a bit for Hemmings Motor News, and I and other readers recently sparred over misuse of the word iconic in regard to car designs. Now I think that some designs, say the Jaguar E-Type, are paradigms: they establish a pattern that every other maker of sports cars tries to capture. In terms of pronunciation, remember brother, can you spare a dime? from the Depression-Era classic? Thats your clue. Spare us a few words and metaphors useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Image of heliocentric solar system courtesy of Wikipedia.

Latin vs English Differences in Word Order

A typical English sentence puts the subject first, followed by the predicate, but its not true that every English sentence starts with a subject, places the verb between the subject and the object, and has the object, if there is one, at the end. Below, you can read  two sentences where the verb comes first. Still, the examples conform to English grammar, which doesnt allow random placement of subject, verb, and object. In English, Use SVO Speakers of English are used to putting the subject of the sentence at the beginning of the sentence, the verb in the middle, and the direct and indirect object at the end (SVO Subject Verb Object), as in Man bites dog, which means something entirely different from Dog bites man. In Latin, Use SOV or OVS or... When learning Latin, one of the obstacles to overcome is the word order, since it is rarely SVO. In Latin, it is often Subject Object Verb (SOV) or Object Verb Subject (OVS) or Object Verb (OV), with the verb at the end and the subject included in it.* At any rate, it wouldnt matter whether the dog or mailman came first, because who did the biting would always be clear. canem________ vir_____________ mordetdog-acc_sg.(object) man-nom._sg.(subject) bites-3d_sg.man bites dog vir_____________ canem________ mordetman-nom._sg.(subject) dog-acc_sg.(object) bites-3d_sg.man bites dogbut:canis___________ virum___________ mordetdog-nom_sg.(subject) man-acc._sg.(object) bites-3d_sg.dog bites man Exceptions to the English SVO Rule Although English has a fixed word order, it is not entirely foreign to us to find the words in an order other than SVO. When we utter a sentence in the imperative, like an order, we put the verb first: Beware of dog! Incidentally, the Latin imperative can have the same order: Cave canem!Beware dog! This word order is VO (Verb-Object) with no stated subject. An English question has the verb first, too (even if it is an auxiliary), and the object last, as in Will the dog bite the man? The point of these examples is that we are able to understand sentences that are not SVO. Inflection Accomplishes the Same Thing As Word Order The reason Latin is a more flexible language in terms of word order is that what English speakers encode by position in the sentence, Latin handles with case endings at the ends of nouns, adjectives, and verbs. English word order tells us that what is the subject is the (set of) word(s) that comes first in a declarative sentence, what is the object is the set of words at the sentence end, and what is the verb separates subject from object. We rarely confuse a verb with a noun, except in ambiguous cases like Bart Simpsons: What has 4 legs and ticks? There is ambiguity in Latin, as well, but most of the time, an ending will show, just as efficiently, what is the subject, what is the object, and what is the verb. omnia______________ vincit______________ amoreverything-acc._pl._neut. conquers-3d_pers._sg. love-nom._sg._masc.Love conquers all. (attributed to Vergil.) An important point: A Latin verb can tell you the subject of the clause/sentence or it can tell you much of what you need to know about the subject of the sentence. The verb vincit can mean he conquers, she conquers or it conquers. If the noun amor werent in the sentence omnia vincit amor, if all that were there were vincit omnia or omnia vincit, you would translate the sentence as he conquers everything or she conquers everything.

Essay about Automotive Tuning - 735 Words

Out of all the careers to choose from there is only one for me, automotive tuning. We take the ordinary car and form it into an extraordinary machine. This career is great for any car enthusiast. It covers all aspects of the automobile. There is nothing that can’t be changed or modified to perform and look its best. Some of the most desired parts to customize are: Wheels, Body kits, paint, engine parts, seats, gauges, window tint. There is nothing too challenging that a tuning shop can’t accomplish. An automotive tuning shop is run similar to a lot of business. You starts your day early in the morning. To prepare the shop for the days work. This initial: cleaning bays, checking machines for damage, clean the lobby, file paperwork, and†¦show more content†¦There is a school in Chicago that is excellent in the training. I can become certified in EMS in two quarters. This will better the quality of our service. Tuning the ECU is the key to performance. For every new part installed on the car the ECU will need to be tuned. Performance parts using factory settings can be useless. Sometimes the new part can rob horsepower from the motor. This is why a tune is vital. For two years now I have worked in the automotive industry. I am very skilled with my hands and have a excellent understanding of how to use the tools. My previous experience with car will help me on my journey to becoming a tuner. I am currently taking business classes at Columbus State Community College. With an education in business I can run the company with little error. My schooling has proven to be very beneficial to my goals in life. One of the largest challenges I will face is getting my business going. I would like to find a well educated business partner. Whoever must share the same interest for this future company. Starting a business with a partner has its advantages: there are more financia l resources, shared management, greater survival chances, and a greater understanding of business. With a partnership I don’t have to be the only boss. I also don’t have to be there all day every day instead, we can split the management hours. It will help reach my final goal. 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Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour Free Essays

These advantages can be gained through understanding what needs the Chinese place the cost Importance on In regards to the hierarchy and what type of brand personality can be created to most effectively target the Chinese market. Introduction: Cross Culture Analysis A cross-cultural study is a beneficial tool undertaken to effectively understand the foreign countries involved In exchanging goods Internationally. Marketers evidently desire to efficiently export large measures of goods and services to various developed countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the complex procedure of understanding the major alterations between China’s and Australia’s consumer behavior is effectively established; a result of costive outlooks and increased brand recognition will be identified. According to the Australian Embassy, ‘China is Australia’s largest trading partner’ thus allowing a beneficial exposure for further acknowledgment and marketing opportunities for an Australian exporter. China may be classified as a ‘collectivist culture’ (Horn, Merritt, Sun 2004). Collectivist cultures are defined by their ability to malignant strong connections within their groups and in order to belong, individuals are strongly influenced by other peers or family members to follow similarities within one society (Horn, Merritt, Sun 2004). They display a high need for social recognition and status and consume goods to communicate a symbolic expression of their status and prestige (Clans, Gambler, 2003). For example, the Chinese drink wine on special occasions to belong, but also to stress their status and prestige (Lulu, Murphy, 2007). As an exporting opportunity Australian marketers can capitalist on this by emphasizing their wine products to be a sign of prestige to target the Chinese collectivist culture. Australia on the other hand is viewed to have deferent cultural beliefs; the nation is ‘defined as a strongly individualistic culture’. This means individuals within Australia desire to express their unique traits with a minimum influence by others (Lee, Askance 2000) which Is In opposition to the Chinese. As an Individualistic culture, Australia has a greater tendency to be self-enhancing than collectivist cultures, and associates achievement with the individual rather than the group (which is typical of the Chinese culture) (Nevis 1983). Although these two countries have strong dissimilarities, marketers must take into account Australia’s and China’s similarities in consumer behavior, as there might be potential for an Australian exporter to succeed. Although In order to satisfactorily establish exporting analysis between the countries consumer behavior characteristics. The various differences in culture and personality must be used adequately to capture the target audience. Moscow Hierarchy of Needs and Consumer Behavior Mascots Hierarchy of Human Needs is a classification of five basic human needs ranking in order of most important to least important. The first is physiological, which includes the need for food and water, followed by safety and security need (protection, stability), social needs (friendship and belonging), ego needs (status, restive) and self actualization (self-fulfillment) as the final need (Bedlam et al. 2010). This hierarchy can be applied to goods and services in determining what level of needs they satisfy and help marketers segment the on a needs basis. Most people in society express these needs, though in slightly different ways. Most needs could be classified under this hierarchy which makes it useful for marketers when segmenting (Bedlam et al. 2010). The theory of the hierarchy states that once lower levels needs â€Å"are satisfied, again new (and still ‘higher’) needs emerge†¦ † To be fulfilled (Moscow, 943 p. 375). Which means that it is only once lower needs are satisfied, do higher needs emerge to be fulfilled (Bedlam et al. 010). For consumers this means that they will only buy products to fulfill higher needs once their lower needs have been satisfied. For marketers this becomes important when positioning on a needs basis as the demographics of the country may not allow those people to fulfill their higher social needs if their basic physiological nee ds aren’t being met. Or it may mean that only a small percentage of the population would be marketable to if they hold most f the wealth of the country. Importantly if marketers design a product to meet the perceived needs of consumers, consumers are more likely to choose that product over competitors. In this way the needs hierarchy can be used as a basis on which to build the benefits the product can offer to the consumer, through fulfilling a need, making it more likely they will consume that product over competitors. Marketers can also bring about the arousal of needs through advertising, and the product they are trying to sell can become the consumer’s goal specific product (Bedlam et al. 2010). This is ultimately the aim of the product. Therefore an understanding of Mascots hierarchy is important when segmenting the market. It can allow marketers to position to a segment on a needs basis and even create the arousal of need, of which the product can become a product specific goal. The Effect of Culture on Mascots Hierarchy of Needs As was described earlier, in the previous section, Mascots Hierarchy of Needs identifies the five basic levels of human needs. While generally accepted because it reflects the needs of most people in an individualistic society, it cannot be applied to all cultures. This is because despite the fact that most people express primary or physiological needs, acquired needs are leant in response to ones culture (Bedlam et al. 010). The Chinese and Australians will therefore place their needs with differing important to marketers when considering which needs basis to segment on. According to Nevis (1983), Mascots Hierarchy of needs is a reflection of an individualistic culture such as Australia and America, and therefore can’t be applied to the Collectivist Chinese culture. Ne vis (1983) proposes the Chinese culture subverts the traditional model by placing belongingness as the first basic need, allowed by physiological, safety needs and self-actualization in service of society at the top. This new hierarchy reflects the collectivist traits of the Chinese culture; high family and group orientation (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003), the expression of self as part of a group (brother, father, son, husband but never as ‘self’) and gaining meaning through interaction with society. Belonging is therefore the basis of the Chinese society (Nevis 1983). For marketers this means positioning products in relation to the products acceptance by the targeted consumers social and family groups. This is an important approach to take regardless of what needs basis is segmented, as Chinese consumers will look to their social groups for guidance when buying a product rather than the offers and benefits presented to them before purchasing (Ability, Frank, Anemia, Achievement 2011). This is reflected in the pup commercial targeted at the Chinese consumer (See appendix 1). While the drink is targeting a psychological need in Mascots Hierarchy, a large part of the ad focuses on the acceptance of the drink by the family, which is reflecting the importance of family orientation to the Chinese nonuser and their need for belongingness. While the Chinese have self- actualization at the top like individualistic cultures, they differ to Australia, in that they fulfill this need through their success as being part of a group as opposed to being recognized individually (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). This is echoed in their low individualism score of 20. Australia on the other hand has an individualism score of 90 and is reflected in its beliefs that an achieved goal is the result of the individual. Chinese culture also has a high degree of face, which is evident in the subverted Hierarchy. Consumption in China has a strong social association because of its high degree of â€Å"face†; whereby Chinese consumers fulfill their needs through â€Å"placing more emphasis on publicly visible possessions†¦ † (ABA, Us, Chou, 2003, p. 737). This socio-cultural characteristic reflects the need for belongingness and acceptance by social and family groups. Furthermore, high face also means Chinese consumers are more likely to buy luxury products as a symbol of social status, and prestige of the family, rather than an expression of self as is common in individualistic societies such as Australia (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). High face suggests a larger social need and indicates reference group influence is much larger in collectivist cultures than individualistic cultures, and this supports the subverted Hierarchy model with belongingness as the first need for the Chinese Collectivist culture (ABA, et al. 2003). The implications of this for marketers when exporting means centering products on their acceptance by the target market reference groups when segmenting on a needs basis. Positioning to the Chinese on product benefits is less important as they are more likely to look to the group when buying a product than the benefits it provides Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). Overall for marketers, understanding how culture affects the Hierarchy of needs is detrimental when positioning as not all cultures place the same emphasis on the same needs. â€Å"Brand personality is an association of a brand whereby it is imbued with human-like personality traits† (Bedlam et al. 2010 p. 108). Human personality traits are developed on the basis of an individuals behaviors, characteristics, beliefs, and demographic characteristics. However, brand personality traits are formed and influence by the consumers interaction with the brand, the culture from which the consumer comes long with the way that the marketers attempt to portray the brand in the eyes of its consumers (Luau, Papua 2001). For marketers, the aim of creating a brand personality is to create an identity to which consumers can respond emotionally positively towards, and to extend themselves through the brand (Bedlam et al. 2010). If the brand closely reflects the personality of the consumer, they are more likely to respond positively towards that brand and buy from it (Wee, 2003). By extension, brand personality can be seen as a reflection of the cultures in which the brand is surrounded by (Gerhardt, Houston 2001). For example, the Chinese place emphasis on harmony and relationships (Nevis 1983) and this in tern is reflected in the brand personalities aimed at the Chinese. When Audio marketed their brand to China in a TV commercial (See Appendix 2) the car isn’t shown until the very end of the ad, until after several happy relationships have been shown. The aim was to try and make a connection between the car and the relationships it allows people to have, creating a brand image of relationships and connectedness. Chinese brand personalities, which keep in consistency with heir cultural collectivist traits, tend to portray belongingness and the brand as an avenue to express their acceptance by society and group members (Luau, Papua 2001). Whereas in the Individualistic culture of Australia, brand image is much more likely to take on an individualistic approach as Australian consumers are more likely to â€Å"purchase brands they deem suitable for themselves†¦ † (Lam, Lee, 2005 p. 165). As a result Australian brand images take on a self-centered approach that stress sophistication and express the persons personality rather than acceptance by the group. Consumers in individualistic cultures are also less likely to switch brands (Lam, Lee 2005). This could be due to personality being relatively stable (Bedlam et al. 2010), so Australians are expected to keep expressing themselves through the same brand that matches their personality. Yet fashion and status are constantly changing within groups, so collectivist consumers (such as the Chinese) are more likely to switch brands to belong to the changing influences of their peer groups. (Luau, Papua 2001). For marketers this means creating a brand personality for collectivist cultures hat are primarily fashionable and seen as acceptable by the consumers peer groups, while in individualistic cultures the brand personality must align with the personality of the consumer to be received positively. This idea of brand personality influenced by culture is vital for marketers to position their product in the eyes of consumers. If a consumer associates a product in a different light to the way the marketers are promoting it, it can have detrimental effects towards the longevity of the good. Subsequently, the opposite can happen, whereby the consumers take a greater liking o the good, and increasing the marketability of the product. Global branding brings forth an exposure to an increasingly culturally-diverse audience. In order for Australian marketers to understand the distinctly unique dimensions of brand personality in the Chinese market, it is vital to consider the socio-cultural characteristics that underpin Chinese consumer behavior and preferences. Chant, Saunders, Taylor and SHCOON (2003 p. ) note that â€Å"consumers seek brands with congruent personalities (to their own), and use brands’ personality to define their sense of self†. Furthermore, these unique needs of consumers and owe they identify, relate, and associate themselves to brand personalities; alongside the inextricably linked pressures of economic, lifestyle and cultural conditions, must be considered collectively in order for marketers to successfully market their firm’s offeri ngs (Bedlam et al. 2010). Hefted (2001) puts forth that the dimensions of China’s cultural differences are shown by a high degree of long-term orientation and collectivism. Unlike individualistic societies such as Australia, collectivist cultures support and adhere to standards and consumption decisions on a group axis (family, extended family, network of friends and community); in effect, providing the framework within which Chinese individuals and households function. Confucianism, the dominant philosophical influence in China, is an ideology that reiterates this collective nature, as well as the importance of these interpersonal relationships and interactions, the notion of â€Å"face†, and the concept of hierarchy. In addition, education level, sex, age and standard of living all influence how foreign brands are perceived in the Chinese market (Chin (3)). A recent study conducted by Chug and Sung (201 1), identified a six dimensional framework of brand rationalities present in China. They consisted of ‘Competence, Excitement, and Sophistication’ (Chug, Sung, 2001 p. L); notions matching with those found in individualistic societies like Australia, and culture-specific dimensions such as ‘Traditionalism, Joyfulness, and Trendiest’. Through this research, Chug and Sung (2011) demonstrate that through establishing a Chinese brand personality structure marketers are able to identify the coexistence of both Chinese traditionalism and the implementations of Western modernization on cultural values in modern China. This means that in the past three decades, the Chinese market has increasingly opened p to the West, in a way that does not conflict with deeply rooted cultural norms. This notion is reflected in the consumer behavior of today’s â€Å"young middle-class aspiring Chinese consumers; whom are increasingly becoming the most affluent consumer class in china† (Powel, 2011 p. 40). Powel (2011) proposes â€Å"Mr.. And Mrs.. Middle Class† are increasingly extending their brand preferences as a result of breaking down the barriers between cultures. However, cultural transitions are not intended to comply with Confucianism, rather, the role of brand personality becomes an avenue to express wealth, success, youth and the â€Å"modernity of institution†¦ (Chin (3) p. 8). It is through these cultural characteristics and ties with economic and social factors, that perceptions towards brand personality exists among consumers from a society that is more culturally conditioned. In order to maximize exporting opportunities, adaptation is a necessity. Successful brands have philosophy; a shift from the traditional marketing concept to the mo re appropriate conceptualization of societal marketing (Bedlam et al. 2010). Unlike Australians whom project high levels of uniqueness and individuality in their consumption patterns, Chinese consumers rely on the importance of social interaction in making consumer based decisions. â€Å"It is assumed that the recommendations and comments from others play a very important role in the choice of brand† (Chin (3) p. 7). This notion is reflected in the Chinese commercial for milk (See Appendix 3) where it can be seen that the reciprocity of and importance of trust-based interpersonal relationships is highlighted. Set in a time in Chinese history where many could not afford to drink milk every day, the positioning of brother and sister, over the course of time, provides depiction of milk as a commodity of value of which one should be grateful to have. Years later when the young boy grows up, he realizes that his sister was only pretending to dislike milk so that she could give it to him. As a result, he vows to provide milk for the well-being of his future family. This ad highlights the need for marketers to show the Chinese consumers that the brand is a part of their relationships with others in order for the brand to be received positively. This is because, as the ad depicts, belonging and relationships is central to the Chinese. The societal marketing concept takes into account the importance of adopting a long-term outlook, that â€Å"all companies would be better in a stronger, healthier society and that companies that incorporate ethical behavior and social responsibility in their business dealings will attract and maintain loyal customer support over the long term† (Bedlam et al. 010, p. 17). It is through adopting accordingly to these sensitive cultural subtleties that provides an opportunity for brands to tailor their marketing mix strategies to realize the best and most effective ways that meets their needs as ell as adequately adopting brand elements (images, advertising etc. ) that appeal to, relate and reflecting the consum er preferences of the Chinese market. Conclusion Overall it is detrimental for marketers to understand how Mascots Hierarchy and Brand Personality differs between Australia and China. Without an understanding of how Mascots Hierarchy is subverted by different cultures, marketers would miss the opportunity to position based on what different cultures base as their most intrinsic need. Without an understanding of culture and how it affects brand personality, arresters may not integrate a brand to be adopted positively by a different culture. In order for marketers to export successfully, they need to adapt their marketing approaches to take into account these differences caused by the different cultures, therefore an understanding of both these concepts and how they are affected by culture is vitally important. How to cite Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour, Papers

Ordering System free essay sample

The review of related literature and studies takes into account the different studies made that served as the bases for the development of the system, comparison of the different components and development tools, and the reason for choosing such tools and the conceptual framework will be also see on this chapter and the definitions of terms technical and operational. In the conceptual frame work there are three processes include this are input, process and output. First is the input under the input is knowledge the requirements needed in your system.Then software that will be use and the host were you will up your online website and the software that will be used to make the website. Second is the process. First is the analysis because it is important to identify the requirements of the system that you will create. Next one is the design you need to have the diagram, system flow, and data flow diagram. We will write a custom essay sample on Ordering System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Third PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor it will use for the programming purposes. Then Operational will be using xampp, mysql, and database. Literature Oracle angles MySQL for Web appsBy Joab Jackson | IDG News ServiceThe first major upgrade to the software since Oracle took over Sun Microsystems in January was MySQL database version 5. 5 of the open-source. Now that Oracle manages two important database systems, it must be identified which one should be assigned in the enterprise. Web-based applications, custom departmental applications, and embedded uses are MySQL technical ground in applying the database. Kumar said MySQL has been commonly used with the web. MySQL was part of the LAMP (Linux-Apache-MySQL-PHP/Python/Perl) stack, which is broadly used for assigning websites and Web applications, as she discussed.According to Tomas Ulin vice president of MySQL engineering, in many situations, a LAMP administrator is more familiar with MySQL compare with the Oracle namesake database. It makes it easier to run with MySQL if for no other reason than the actual developer is used to MySQL. The newly released version 5. 5 of MySQL included round of bug fixes, general tweaks and also features a number of significant features and capabilities. Better scalability and improved replication is the main feature. The software’s performance doesn’t slow as dramatically once it experience large number of concurrent connections. 000 connections can be accepted in relation with Web servers’ connection. The software has the ability to do semi-synchronous replications, through the replication process. In the previous version it only offered asynchronous replications that mean it would not update the backup copy once a new data was entered to the original. PHP and XML Sitting in a Treeby Kerri Hicks On the web, there are processes to store, work with, and retrieve data. Different type database, even flat files can contain product catalogs, user profile and other archives of essential information we like show with the world.We can work with different kinds of data with some logical ways – for example, PHP scripts is commonly used to those many people who use MySQL databases for storage because it has native platform for MySQL. XML fanatics often use XSLT to use with their marked-up files. It is very important for web developers to make a choice on how will they manage the date that the client will give. Nowadays PHP is presenting good relation with XML, it gives best result once it is use together in time. XML improves its popularity as a data setup on the web and databases likeMySQL are constantly develop and gaining more user base. XML gives you a document tree to assist in data structure; XSLT will administer the data into submission, and parsers for output. Most MySQL users will apply the capability of PHP or other web programming languages to define the connections between tables, fields, and values. There is often no common path to store and arrange your data, and basically knowing what is best is often the best route. Windows 7 Articlesby Marc Liron Microsoft MVPWindows 7 do concentrates more in gaining full compatibility with applications and hardware compare with its former version Windows Vista. Windows 7 has reconstructed Windows Shell with new taskbar, networking system called HomeGroup, and operation improvements. Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, applications from former version of Windows will not be included in Windows 7. But it will offer separately for free through Windows Live Essentials suite. There will be common applications which are include in Windows 7 like Internet Explorer 8 and Windows Media Player 12.

The Period of Slavery in the Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs

The Period of Slavery in the Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs There is plenty that can be said about the issues that were concerned with slavery, but the truth remains a bitter pill to swallow. The book shows the struggles that slaves underwent during the period of slavery. This was more so for the women who were involved and worked as slaves. The workers endured difficult times during slavery due to the stigma that was in the air, regarding what was considered the lower castes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Period of Slavery in the â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† by Harriet Jacobs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book shows that there was a lot of ignorance in the course of the period of slavery. This may be described better in many situations in the book. Most of the situations that were depicted showed one such situation was when one character in the book lent out money in the range of three hundred dollars to her owner. It was well known that s laves had no right to any property and thus the money did not count as hers. The money was lent out on the basis of pure honor (Jacobs 13). The borrower had no obligation to pay back the money. The sexual abuse and assault that the slave women endured under the hands of their masters was another degradation that they knew they would do nothing about. This was due to the fact that they were wholly owned by their masters, and had nowhere to go when such incidences as rape occurred. The masters were well aware of the situation that the slaves were in and they took full advantage of the situation. They were also aware that the salves were ignorant and they could take advantage of their weaknesses. The book states that the author had to befriend a neighbor in order to try and protect herself from her owner who decided to seduce and threaten her, rather than rape her, although he would have done so eventually. The fact that she did what she was avoiding to do with her neighbor describes t he levels of desperation that the slaves experienced, and it goes to show that they were ready to go to great extents in order to ensure that they were not violated. Hiding in the attic for around seven years and only seeing her children through a peep hole in the wall, in order to avoid meeting her master who intended to make her his lover ,is quite enough proof that the slaves would stretch their imaginations just to get a sense of freedom.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was a really trying time for the slaves as they were bound by laws that forced them to stay in the places that they had been sold. These laws stated that an owner could do whatever they pleased with the slaves that he or she had bought or paid money for from a trader. The twists and tales of the script speak volumes about the lives that the slaves underwent. The main character endeavors to br ing her family sired by the neighbor together. Her children are torn apart and they are forced to live in different places although at some point they keep getting back together. This depicts a true sense of commitment that the slaves had towards their families. It is a natural instinct that is in-built in people that is exuded in situations that seem or appear to be tearing them apart. Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1861. Print.

Finding Your Writer’s Voice Expert Advice for Developing Your Style - Freewrite Store

Finding Your Writer’s Voice Expert Advice for Developing Your Style - Freewrite Store Whether you write blogs and articles or your focus is on fiction, you need to find your voice. Every writer has a unique voice or style - but sometimes it can take a while for you to actually find your own voice. Especially when you’re first starting out as a writer, you may find that you’re trying to imitate another writer’s voice, and that means your unique voice is hidden. Here’s the thing: you don’t need your writing to sound like another writer’s. In fact, imitating other writers’ style will not help your writing to get noticed. Your readers want something different, not another clone of a popular writer or author. They want to hear your voice - your unique, authentic voice. What Is a Writer’s Voice, and is it the Same as Your Style? Before we dive into the meat of this article, I want to take a moment to define what exactly I mean when I talk about your voice as a writer and how that relates to your overall style of writing. Some people argue that voice and style are two completely different things, but there are so many overlaps it’s impossible to separate them. Your voice as a writer comprises: Your personality Your tone Your choice of words Your use of punctuation Your attitude Your personal preferences or personal style Your approach to sentence structure Your attitude towards strictly following grammatical ‘rules’ Your use of formal or informal language Your use of language when you speak You can see from this list how your true writer’s voice will be unique to you because it’s affected by your personality and your unique way of using language. When it comes to style, there may be some variations in your voice, depending on the audience that you’re writing for. Ultimately, whether you’re writing for an academic publication, a magazine or publishing a blog, your voice should still shine through in your adaptation of a particular style. Your voice will also mean you favor particular styles of writing, too, so there’s no way of completely separating the topics of voice and style. But why do so many writers struggle to use their own writer’s voice? There’s actually a superb explanation. Beating Imposter Syndrome Those self-doubts that you experience every time you sit down to write, and that feeling that your writing can’t compete with all the ‘great’ writers out there, is often referred to as ‘imposter syndrome’. Although you love to write, you’re never satisfied with the results, and you’re constantly waiting for your readers to discover that you’re ‘not really a writer’. Imposter syndrome is a huge barrier to using your own unique voice. While there’s no magic way of getting rid of imposter syndrome, when you focus on developing your own voice instead of copying someone else’s style, you will gradually see the value of using your unique style. Techniques for Unleashing Your Writer’s Voice So, how can you explore your own writer’s voice when you’re so used to imitating your favorite writers? I’ve spent a lot of time researching this topic (since I really struggled with imposter syndrome when I first got started) and have pulled together some of the best advice and exercises that will help you discover your unique writing style. 1. Set Your Voice Free When I first started writing fiction, blogs and articles, I found that I was focusing far too much on ‘doing it right’. I could spend days writing and rewriting an opening sentence or paragraph because I was worried about breaking the ‘rules’. I blame the education system for enslaving me to a long list of grammatical rules that must not ever be broken. I was also too focused on finding stylistic guidelines to religiously follow, even though I hated those self-imposed regulations. The ridiculous part was that I knew that a lot of writers regularly broke both grammatical and stylistic rules, but I couldn’t bring myself to do that in my writing. I was trapped and I didn’t know how to get free. Then I discovered freewriting when I took a creative writing course as part of my college degree. We were instructed to spend at least 15 minutes every day freewriting, and I found it so liberating. So, what exactly is freewriting? Freewriting sets your voice free because you’re deliberately breaking the rules that hold your voice back. It gives you the opportunity to explore your creativity, to express yourself without restriction and stop worrying about ‘what people will think’. Because you’re freewriting just for yourself, there’s some psychological stuff going on that breaks the chains that have prevented your unique voice from truly emerging. 2. Write Even When You Don’t Have to Write If writing is your career, it’s easy to get into the trap of only writing when you have a project to complete (i.e. you only write when you’re getting paid to write). That’s not good for your writer’s voice, because you’re losing that sense of writing for pleasure and your writing can become more formulaic. Malcolm Gladwell, who wrote Outliers: The Story of Success,reckons that it takes 10,000 hours to perfect your craft - and while that figure may be an exaggeration (and has been disputed), I think it’s important to bear it in mind. You will not find your unique voice if you don’t get lots of practice - and that means you need to write for pleasure as well as for profit. Setting yourself (achievable) writing practice goals - for example, to write (for pleasure) for at least 30 minutes every day - can give you the space you need to explore your writer’s voice. When you have a regular writing habit that’s not hampered by guidelines set by other people, it’s easier to get into the flow that will reveal your own unique voice. At the end of each week, set aside some time to read back what you’ve been writing and you should be able to see patterns in your language and how your personality shines through your writing. That’s your writer’s voice, and the more you practice using it, the more comfortable you’ll become with sharing it with the world. 3. Get Out of Your Comfort Zone If you’re the kind of writer that sticks to one kind of writing (for example, you only write blogs, or you only write poetry, or you only write fantasy fiction), then getting out of your writing comfort zone can really help you discover more about your writer’s voice. When you write in a genre or format you’re not used to or don’t read a lot of, you don’t have the same preconceptions about what your writing ‘should’ sound like. That means that when you start writing, your voice is more likely to emerge easier since you’re not trying to make your writing ‘conform’ in some way. Here are some examples of types of writing that may be out of your writing comfort zone and can help you explore the way your writer’s voice emerges when it’s totally free: Creative nonfiction Journalistic-style writing A completely different genre of fiction to what you’re used to reading or writing. Genres include: Historical fiction Romantic fiction Children’s fiction Young adult fiction Science fiction Fantasy Crime Thriller Literary fiction A piece of persuasive writing A political speech Poetry A short play/film script Biographical writing 4. Take A Journey of Self-Discovery A crucial part of exploring your writer’s voice is knowing yourself and understanding how you view and relate to the world around you. If you’re struggling with your writer’s voice, maybe you need to spend some time on a journey of self-discovery. It’s really easy to be swayed by other people’s opinions and views - to the point that you can easily internalize someone else’s way of thinking and being. Because those views and thinking patterns can actually be at odds with your natural (unique) ways of thinking and being, there can be internal conflicts that may affect your writer’s voice. To reconnect with your way of thinking and being, you need to do some deep work in getting to grips with your own opinions, way of seeing the world, and your passions. At the root of self-discovery is paying attention to what makes you happy, what inspires you, what brightens your day, what makes you angry, what causes you’re passionate about. All of these things will impact on your unique writing voice, and so the more you explore them, the more you’ll be able to unleash your writer’s voice. Getting comfortable with you empowers you to take more risks in your writing and your writing voice will thank you for the investment you put into self-discovery. Journaling is an excellent means of self-discovery, and it’s good practice to get into a habit of regular self-discovery journaling sessions. There are guided journals available to buy from places like Amazon if you feel you need help in getting started with journaling. Or you could use these questions as prompts for your self-discovery sessions: My greatest strength is†¦ I can’t stand it when other people†¦ If I had a theme song it would be†¦ When I think about the future, the thing I fear the most is†¦ When faced with a challenge, I†¦ If I encountered a road that had three forks and one path led to a mountain, one led to a forest and the third led to an ocean, I would choose†¦ (explain why) The things I am most passionate about are†¦ The charitable cause I’m most passionate about is†¦ Injustice in the world makes me†¦ If I had an unlimited budget I would... Discover Your Writer’s Voice and Set Yourself Free Discovering and developing your writer’s voice is an adventure that can have a massive impact on the power of your writing. When you’re embarking on the adventure, though, remember that your voice continues to develop as you write. As you mature, for example, you may notice subtle changes to your writer’s voice and even the types of writing you enjoy the most. The goal in discovering and developing your writer’s voice is to get out of the imitation trap and learn to love your own unique voice instead of feeling you need to copy another writer you admire. When you invest in developing your writer’s voice, you’ll gain confidence and your writing will become much more impactful. Every writer has, at some time or other, struggled with their writer’s voice, even bestselling authors like Stephen King. Persevere with your journey of discovery and you’ll get to the point that Stephen King has reached - where your readers can recognize your voice without seeing your name.

Intro to Relat Dbase Mgt Syst week1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intro to Relat Dbase Mgt Syst week1 - Essay Example These include entities such as students, lecturers, courses, lecture halls, faculties and perhaps dormitories. For this project the key entities under consideration are the students, instructors, and courses. Therefore, it is logical that the first tables to be identified be Students, Instructors, and Courses tables. These are the tables in the 1st Normal Form. These key tables contain attributes that describe the entities they represent. However, the design follows two more tables that do not represent any key attributes that are initially identified. Relative Database Design makes use of relationships that are implemented using foreign keys that originate from parent tables. This process; therefore, proves challenging to implement while still exercising referential integrity. The two extra tables make the design practical since separation of the key entities is paramount (Churcher, 2012). Modification of a key entity does not affect the other key entities. These two tables are Students Allocation table and Instructor Allocation tables. Their attributes contain foreign keys for Students and Instructor tables, and they represent the action of ‘allocating’, which becomes

Comparison of Dictatorship and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Dictatorship and Democracy - Essay Example There has been a debate which form of government is more beneficial for the people living in the society as well for the betterment and economic development of the country and different people have different views. It is important to analyze and understand both these forms of government before discussing and comparing these two forms. A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government and generally, this type of government is run or ruled by a single individual or a small group of people as an oligarchy (Acemoglu, 2006). Normally this single individual or small group has all the powers. Some believe that dictators have the power without the consent and approval of the people living in society. On the other hand, democracy is defined as the government that is elected by the people or citizen of the country (Olson, 1993). In a democracy, any eligible citizen of the country can participate and get elected to form the government. Democracy is also termed or defined as the government of t he people, by the people, and for the people (Dewey, 2004). Over the years, there has been a debate whether dictatorship is more powerful and better in ruling the government or democracy. However, some scholars and politicians believe that democracy is more important and crucial for the economic growth and prosperity of the country. One of the main advantages of democracy is that the government is elected by the people and citizens of the country (Dahl, 1989). Therefore the government will make their efforts to make sure that the economy prospers and the country moves in the right direction. However, on the other hand in a dictatorship, dictators that are governing and managing the country may or may not think of the betterment of the country as they are not elected as in a democratic country. Generally, freedom of speech is limited or less in a dictatorship form of government than a democratic form.           Ã‚  

Tata Motors losses

Tata Motors losses Can Tata Motors capture and increase its market share in India through the launch of Jaguar and Land Rover? Introduction: My commentary examines the recent acquisition of Tata Motors of two iconic brands- Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford Motors at a staggering amount of $2.3 billion. Despite being well known brands, they are suffering losses. After Tata Motors take over, they were strategizing to launch these products in the Indian market which has huge growth prospects. The real challenge was in these brands attracting customers away from rivals in the Indian market. Simultaneously Tata Motors has launched Tata Nano to capture the Indian market for small cars. This will be reinforced by launching light- weighted aluminium and hybrid cars from Land Rover. With help of SWOT, Ansoff Matrix and Asset led Marketing my commentary will examine how successful will be the launch of Jaguar and Land Rover cars in India. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is a useful decision-making tool that is used to assess the current and future situation of a product, brand, company, proposal or decision. It considers both internal and external factors that are relevant to the issue under investigation.[1] Strengths: The acquisition of the two global brands- Jaguar and Land Rover acts in a crucial way to increase and develop the brand reputation and the quality of products for Tata Motors. It provides plenty of opportunity to the Indian consumer and the developing Indian automobile market can also help the launch of brands in the long-term. It can reap economies of scale through component sourcing and low cost engineering. Weakness: With different product portfolios for both brands it will be a challenging task ahead to market the same in the price sensitive Indian market. But this could be overcome through proper market research. Another concern is the diminishing image due to the continued losses and a de motivated work force due to the change in management. With right training and incentives and proper marketing strategies the company can convert these negatives to strengths. Opportunities: This launch is a great opportunity for the Indian customer and target the growing Indian market. Automobile market is developing in India and placed with launch of Nano, Tata Motors will be in a good position capture a larger share of the market. Threats: Increasing fuel prices combined with global meltdown will be a challenge for the company to stay afloat and over come the losses. In addition the strong competition can threaten the expected sales of the company. However the inherent financial and managerial strength of the conglomerate should be able to let the company withstand the challenges and move ahead. A danger that remains is that with the new ownership international brand loyalties may change and customers may move towards other models in the market. Ansoff Matrix: The Ansoff Matrix is an analytical tool that helps managers to devise their product and market growth strategies. It consists of four growth strategies namely- Market penetration, Market Development under new and existing and markets AND Product development, Diversification under new and existing products.[2] Diversification It refers to the high risk growth strategy that involves a business marketing new products in new markets. Parent companies can benefit from having a presence in a range of products and markets in different regions of the world.[6] Market Penetration- Tata could continue with the same strategy that it had adopted for the UK for the rest of world. The estate, coupe and open saloon models of Jaguar and the Freelander and Range Rover sport of Land Rover selling in the existing markets UK can help them to gain profits and increase in sales in other markets due to the reputation of the brands. For the new models that are planned to launch, promoting and advertising can be a good choice for the firms to maintain their position in the market and to attract more consumers and build customer loyalty. Tata Indica and other commercial vehicles like Tata Ace are examples of Tatas market penetration strategy that exist in the existing markets and are still earning them great profits. Product Development- Tata Motors are launching the smallest car the famed Tata Nano in the Indian markets which is a new product by the firm and launched in existing markets of India and other countries where Tata Motors operate. This car can be useful for the firm as they can easily generate profits through this product as well as their brand name. Also, the firm can compete with other businesses in the same market with the help of these products. Tata Starbus and Tata Xover are other new products that have been launched by Tata Motors in India and other existing markets of Tata Motors. Diversification- The new products planned by Tata Motors through the Jaguar and Land Rover brands can be categorized in diversification. The company plans of manufacturing hybrid, electric and bio-fuels based and environmental friendly cars with the help of latest technology through both of these brands which can be useful in boosting the brand image of the firm. Also, there may be an increase in the profits of the firm as the hybrid cars are said to be the future of automobiles in order to save the earth from pollution. These new products launched in the new markets of India and others can be termed as diversified strategy of the firm. Tata Nano can also be included in this strategy as it is also a new product and is planned to be launched into new markets of African and Asian countries. Asset led marketing: Asset led marketing is a strategy that is adopted by the business for the sales of their products or services. Here, the firm uses its intangible assets for introducing a new product in the market. Tata Motors is a well-established and well-known firm and a part of the parent company Tata and Sons. Thus, in order to launch its products or services in the market and start off with immediate sales and profits, Tatas can use this which may even be applicable for launching the two automobile brands. Tata Motors have been in the news for past several months due to the launch of the worlds cheapest car in India- Tata Nano manufactured by their own company. Simultaneously launching two brands can help Tatas in gaining a lot of customer attention and thus a larger customer base. The well established and elegant brands with the giant prestige of Tata Motors can help the firms in garnering huge amounts of profits and gaining control over their competitors. Evaluation : The biggest advantage of this acquisition is that the firm might see an increase in sales of the cars due to both firms worldwide luxury brand reputation and also due to the services and quality provided by the cars. But at the same time, the number of competitors in the booming automobile market of India has increased and finding their way out to satisfy the customers with different marketing strategies can be very costly for the firm. Tata Motors can implement various strategies such as advertising and also, various schemes can be used which guarantee consumer satisfaction and can also prove to be a part of customer attraction. These strategies can prove to be useful in boosting the brand image and the sales of the company as well. Short- term problems faced by the firm may be the recovering of the costs that has been put into the acquisition and the launch of Jaguar and Land Rover cars. The high manufacturing costs of Tata Motors, Jaguar and Land Rover might prove to be another reason for the losses in the accounts of the Tata Motors. The long-term problems can be an increase in competition as the Indian automobile market is developing at a rapid rate. If the company suffers losses, then there might be the need for job redundancies, thus leading to worker de-motivation. Conclusion: To conclude, the acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover brands may be risky due to the global slowdown but Tata Motors with its brand name and established presence in India can succeed in the long run. Tata Group, a huge multinational giant worldwide can capitalize through cross-subsidization. I think that by promoting the products and launching it along with Tata Nano will be useful as each can be a backup for the other in the future. The workforce can be motivated through good learning experience as they may have access to the technology used in manufacturing these premium cars but at the same time, if the products fail to create a mark on customers, the workers may feel insecure as job redundancies may be adopted by Tata Motors to struggle with their own financial portfolio. Bibliography- 1. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE55R0LK20090628?pageNumber=2virtualBrandChannel=0 2. http://www.autoblogs.in/2009/06/tata-jaguar-land-rover-launch-india.html 3. http://free-sms-mms.blogspot.com/2009/06/tata-jaguar-land-rover-launched-in.html 4. http://www.zeenews.com/news542730.html 5. http://sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14790692 6. http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/In-The-News/Rough-Roads-Ahead.html 7. http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=1225subcatgid=611editionid=36catgid=44 8. http://www.tata.in/media/reports/inside.aspx?artid=r8CuZiHSZ2o= 9. http://money.rediff.com/companies/tata-motors-ltd/10510008/profit-and-loss 10. http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/profit-loss/TM03 11. http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/balance-sheet/TM03 12. http://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/tatamotors/ratios/TM03 13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Motors Appendix- SWOT: Strengths-  · Jaguar and Land Rover have a respected brand image in the global markets for their luxurious cars.  · A good move for Tata Motors to enter the luxury market.  · A global visibility for the owner of the company as a sprawling conglomerate.  · Benefits from component sourcing, design services and low cost engineering.  · A good learning experience for the workers. Weaknesses-  · Both brands have a vast and a different product portfolio.  · Unavailability of premium auto parts at the Indian auto parts suppliers and thus, the need to import.  · Diminished corporate image of the brands due to massive losses in the past few years.  · De-motivation of workers due to redundancies and job cuts Opportunities-  · Opportunity for the Indian customers to have near access for driving premium cars.  · India is a developing automobile market and thus, a useful step for the long term.  · Simultaneous launch of the Tata Nano and other models can generate higher profits and develop their control on both the upper and the lower and middle class market.  · Range of products with different prices helps them to diversify.  · Reinforcement of globalization. Threats-  · Negative impact on the car sales of the brands due to economic meltdown and global recession.  · Lead to value-destruction due to lack of synergies and high-cost operations.  · Prohibition of establishing a stronger market base and increasing sales due to the number of rivals such as Audi, Mercedes, Porsche, BMW, Lamborghini.  · Increase in fuel prices.  · Shifting brand loyalty due to change in ownership Ansoff Matrix- Existing product New product Existing market Market penetration This strategy mainly applies for those businesses that focus on selling existing products in the existing markets. It is a low- risk strategy and helps to increase the market share of its current products.[7] Product development This strategy involves businesses aiming to sell new products in existing markets. This strategy is also a reason for acquiring another company as the costs of starting another company can be saved and different types of customers can be catered. This strategy is also useful for businesses using brand expansion strategies.[8] New market Market Development This method serves for those businesses that apply the strategy of selling existing products into newer markets.[9] Such techniques are used by businesses that plan to expand their business and attain higher customer base. Diversification It refers to the high risk growth strategy that involves a business marketing new products in new markets. Parent companies can benefit from having a presence in a range of products and markets in different regions of the world.[10] MUMBAI (Reuters) Tata Motors (TAMO.BO), Indias largest vehicles maker, on Sunday announced the launch in India of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles, the marquee brands it bought from Ford Motors (F.N) last year. Saying it was a momentous occasion for the company, chairman Ratan Tata said, This is in keeping with our desire to extend the penetration of the brands in India. The automobile firm, which controls about 60 percent of the worlds fifth-biggest truck and bus market, will soon also be rolling out the Nano, billed as the worlds cheapest car. Jaguar is launching the XF amd XK range of luxury coupes and convertibles in India starting at a price tag of 6.3 million rupees (79,000 pounds) and going up to 9 million rupees. Land Rover will initially be launching three vehicles including the Range Rover Sport and Land Rover Discovery 3, with prices also starting at 6.3 million rupees but going beyond 9 million. The luxury car market in India is very small, but there is a huge opportunity there. It is growing fast and we expect it to grow fast over the next 5 to 10 years, said David Smith, chief executive of Jaguar Land Rover. India is an important part of our plans for the future, said Mike Driscoll, managing director of Jaguar. The luxury car segment in India is less than 1 percent of the total car market there.Continued On Friday Tata Motors posted its first loss in eight years at $520 million (315 million pounds) for the year to March 2009, with its Jaguar Land Rover unit reporting a loss of 306 million pounds in the 10 months of the fiscal year to March 2009, as a brutal global recession crippled car sales. On the issue of loan guarantees for JLR, Tata said, we are in discussions with the U.K. government on the loan guarantees and hopefully we will find a solution for it and our funding plan for JLR will progress. The company is seeking guarantees for the 340 million pounds loan sanctioned by the European Investment Bank and other loans from U.K.-based commercial banks. It is seeking these funds to develop new and more fuel efficient cars for improving its competitive position. Sustaining the downturn is important for us and finding a solution (for the loan guarantees) is extremely important to us, Tata said. He also said that if there was a large financial package from the U.K. government for Jaguar and Land Rover then, there should be commensurate level of representation from them, which had to be negotiated and worked out. An ill-fated, two decade-old strategy is about to end. When Ford hands over the keys to Jaguar and Land Rover (J-LR), it will end its troubled journey with the high-performance premium car brands, which have failed to pull in expected profits despite large investments. Tata Motors is expected to finalise a deal for the two companies for just over $2 billion. However, recent reports indicate that the price might be higher than previously thought. Tata Motors is said to be looking for financing worth $3 billion to fund the deal. The Financial Times reports that Tata Motorss advisors on the J-LR deal, JP Morgan and Citigroup, have received instructions to arrange for funding from banks. What worries investors is that Tata Motors may be stretching itself. This is a critical year for the company. In January, Tata Motors introduced its ultra-cheap car — Nano — to heavy national and global interest. It simultaneously launched a new platform for the Indica, its best selling passenger car. Later this year, it will also launch the World Truck, a project that has been under development with South Korean subsidiary, Tata Daewoo. â€Å"Investors have not taken this deal positively as it will put a lot of pressure on Tata Motors highly leveraged balance sheet,† says Aniket Mhatre, an analyst with financial services firm, Prabhudas Lilladher. â€Å"Also, the Nano wont be profitable for at least the first two-three years. The combined effect is expected to put pressure on Tata Motors margins and profitability.† In January, shortly after Tata Motors was made the preferred bidder for J-LR, credit rating firm Crisil downgraded the companys long-term debt ratings to a ‘negative watch. It said that the deal would be challenging for Tata Motors as a significant portion of combined revenues would come from two newly acquired companies where Tata Motors had â€Å"yet to build and demonstrate capabilities†. The companys stock has dropped 7.9 per cent to Rs 702.65 per share on the year to date. Future Strategy What happens next depends on how well Tata Motors can handle the acquisition and service the considerable debt it will assume. The group is known to retain the services of the current management team after taking over companies. This is exactly what happened when Tata acquired Spanish bus makers Hispano Carrocera and South Korean truck makers Daewoo Commercial Vehicles. Tata executives have likely already approached Jaguars top management team to secure their services beyond the acquisition. The Tata Groups reasoning is that it avoids the hassle of new managers having to learn the ropes. Employee morale also stays high as workers stick with bosses they trust. Still, some Tata Motors executives will definitely be sent to the UK to integrate the finance and business operations of the two companies. Tata has also promised it will not tamper with Jaguar and Land Rovers business plans, made by Ford up to 2011-12. This means that no employee will be fired and no plant shut down, even if these are a financial burden. Scheduled roll-outs for Jaguar and Land Rover are also likely to carry on. â€Å"Ford has plans of launching a number of new models for the J-LR combine,† says Mhatre. â€Å"[These] are expected to do very well in their respective markets. It could provide the much needed boost to Jaguars profitability in particular.† Ford has also secured components from suppliers over the medium term. Tata Motors will enjoy this benefit as it will buy it time to integrate J-LR operations into its own extensive community of lower-cost suppliers, which include around 20 auto design studios, steel units and various component makers. Chairman Ratan Tata also assures that Jaguar and Land Rover will not be re-badged as Tata vehicles. Jaguar dealers were disappointed when they realised that the once-legendary British brands would now be owned out of India. â€Å"For the European market, Tata Motors has a ‘truck-manufacturer image,† says Mhatre. â€Å"Consumers may consider shifting their brand loyalty to competitors in such a scenario.† That is why Tatas decision to not tamper with Jaguar and Land Rovers â€Å"character† will be important. It is also consistent with moves from past acquisitions. Trucks sold in Daewoos native South Korea do not bear the Tata badge. That emblem only appears on vehicles where the Tata brand is more well-known than Daewoo, such as markets like South Asia or Africa. BRAND POWER: Jaguar and Land Rover will not be re-badged as Tata vehicles What Tata Gains The most obvious benefit for Tata Motors is the technology it will now have access to. Both Jaguar and Land Rover use advanced technology and design and production techniques to churn out their vehicles. These include the use of lighter materials such as aluminium as well as considerably more advanced engine and transmission technologies. â€Å"Land Rovers SUV technology [in particular] could be useful for the Tatas current products in the segment,† says Yezdi Nagporewalla, National Industry Director (industrial markets) at KPMG. Then theres green tech. At the ongoing Geneva Motor Show, Tata Group Chairman Ratan Tata said that he was interested in producing green cars. â€Å"We are very keen and†¦ are looking at working on vehicles that run on biofuels, electric vehicles and hybrid fuels,† he told journalists. Land Rover already has one hybrid concept — the LRX — and says it would invest  £700 million in the development of sustainable technology over the next five years. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the two brands will give Tata Motors a foothold in the luxury space. This means that the company will have a readymade offering in every car segment from ultra-cheap (the Nano) to utilitarian (the Indica) to commercial vehicles (Ace, World Truck) to SUVs (Sumo, Safari and Land Rovers) and, finally, to premium, high-performance cars (Jaguar). The fact that it can literally buy premium brands off the shelf means that it wont have to invest its own time and money to catch up with high-end technology. This is exactly what has put car makers such as Honda or Toyota at a disadvantage in the premium segment in markets such as the US. For the moment, it is unclear whether Tatas gamble will work. $2 billion is a lot of money and, if the analysts are right, Tata Motors may not be in the best position to pay it all back. Still, the Tata group is arguably one of the most professionally managed corporate houses in the country, if anyone can pull it off, they can. Bibliography- http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/In-The-News/Rough-Roads-Ahead.html 3. Tatas to launch Jaguar, Land Rover on June 28 Last updated on: June 18, 200910:23 IST Indias [ Images ] tryst with luxury brands takes a new turn on June 28,when Tata Motors [ Get Quote ] unfurls its marquee brands, the Jaguar and Land Rover [ Images ], in its home market. The cars will be launched just weeks before Indias first global brand, the ultra-cheap Nano [ Images ], hits the road in July. Tata Motors acquired the luxury vehicles from Ford [ Images ] Motor Co for $2.3 billion in March last year. This is the first time globally that Jaguar and Land Rover will debut together. After Mumbai [ Images ], the imported cars will drive to Ludhiana and Bengaluru [ Images ]. The Jaguar will roll out five models including the XJ, XX, and XF. Two models of the Land Rover will available. Tata Motors declined to reveal the first year sales targets for its new offerings. But a senior Tata manager said they will be number a few hundreds. In the United Kingdom, the Jaguar largely sells four models: Estate, saloon, open-top and coupe. The hot selling Land Rover brands overseas are the Range Rover [ Images ], Defender, Discovery and Freelander. JLR will be the first luxury cars from the $83 billion Tata conglomerate although they had a joint venture with Mercedes [ Images ] nearly a decade ago. While the Jaguar gives Tata Motors a toehold in Indias premium car segment, the Land Rover completes its SUV range which includes the Sumo. The JLR launch comes at a time when Indias luxury car market has belied the downturn. Global brands like the Rolls Royce, BMW [ Images ], Audi, Porsche, Lamborghini, Maybach and the Bentley have made India their coveted destination in the last couple of years. Last year, Mercedes announced that it will invest Rs 250 crore (Rs 2.5 billion) to set up its first fully-owned production facility in India. Its first plant in Pune was leased from Tata Motors. Even as compact cars clog Indian roads and drive over two-thirds of the 1.5 million auto market, the high margin luxury cars are a status symbol amongst Indias rich. Ludhiana, for instance, is the Mecca of luxury cars, auto makers say. India now has its very own luxury brands. Tatas Takeover of Jaguar and Land Rover: Bumpy Road or Smooth Ride? Published: April 03, 2008 in India [emailprotected] Will the acquisition of Land Rover and Jaguar be a smooth ride for Tata Motors? That is the question that many observers have been asking since the Tata Group and Ford announced their $2.3 billion deal at the end of March. The takeover has been greeted with jubilation, especially in India, because of the prestige of these marquee brands. On the other hand, skeptics have also been wondering how this acquisition fits in with the Tata Groups overall strategy. What can the Tatas do differently than Ford to ensure that the acquisition pays off? What major challenges will Tata Motors face in integration and marketing? To help make sense of these issues, India [emailprotected] spoke withJohn Paul MacDuffie, Wharton management professor and co-director of theInternational Motor Vehicle Program, andHarbir Singh, Wharton management professor and co-director of theMack Center for Technology Innovation. An edited transcript of the discussion follows: [emailprotected]:Lets start with the question that is on everyones mind. Does this deal make economic sense? MacDuffie: Its a very fascinating deal. Its clearly not a deal that is trying to build economies of scale in just one business and just reach into new markets. Its quite a differently motivated deal. For Tata its not the first time that theyve reached for a brand with some prestige value as part of expanding their global visibility. So I think viewed as an acquisition that they intend to learn a great deal from, it could very well make sense. The exposure that the Tatas will have to the high end of the auto business, which they know very well at the domestic end, and to the managing of this very prestigious brand I think could offer a lot of learning opportunities. [emailprotected]:Harbir, just to follow up on the same issue, the Tatas have the Indica, and they also recently launched the Tata Nano, the famous one lakh rupee car, or the $2,500 car. Do brands like the Jaguar and Land Rover really fit in with that overall portfolio? Whats your sense of the fit? Singh: My sense is that the Tatas are trying to expand their portfolio in general and they are trying to offer [various brands]. I dont think its a question of the customer viewing Nano, and Jaguar and Land Rover as all offerings of the same company. Its much more a question of like Louis Moet Hennessy having a set of brands and really doing the best you can for Land Rover and the best you can for Jaguar. In terms of the economic sense of the transaction, I think another way of looking at it is: Whats the replacement value of those brands, right? And clearly whatever price they pay is much lower than the replacement value. So the real challenge here for them is to make sure that they can enhance Jaguar in its own terms and enhance Land Rover in its own terms. [emailprotected]:John Paul, do you agree? MacDuffie: Yes. Ford of course sold the companies because the company is in deep financial distress and really needed cash now. There can be a dispute, I guess, about whether the price is too high or too low, but the Tatas certainly paid substantially less than Ford did for those brands. And by all counts Land Rover is profitable and Jaguar has made a strong comeback based on building capabilities, improving quality, they have some interesting new products in the pipelines, so I do agree. [emailprotected]:Did the Tatas did get a bargain, or did they overpay because this was a higher price than the market expected? MacDuffie: Its always very tough to know exactly and theres always this kind of speculation at the time. I think that Ford was certainly counting on increasing the volumes of these brands probably particularly Jaguar to a much higher level. And so at a certain point their efforts to greatly expand the volume, I think, probably hurt them somewhat. They were introducing lower priced Jaguars that a lot of people didnt feel represent that brand very well. They were trying to leverage their own Ford design parts from other models. I actually think managing it as a prestige brand from the base that Ford established should work well for the Tatas. That appears to be their pattern with their acquisitions that they by and large allow the management to keep doing what it is doing and, as I said, look for opportunities to learn from these foreign acquisitions. [emailprotected]:Some critics have been saying that for the Tatas this was a deal motivated more by the desire to acquire marquee or iconic brands, almost like former colonials acquiring the trappings of the former empire. Does that criticism make sense? MacDuffie: Who knows about that motivation? Theres certainly a kind of interest, I think, in the whole deal that comes partly from such associations. One of the other Tata deals thats gotten some attention is the acquisition of Tetley Tea, another British brand, and also of British Steel, the remains of British Steel. And so clearly investing in Britain has worked well for Indian companies. There were competing buyers, mostly private equity sometimes in partnership with other auto companies. And both the unions and the suppliers of Jaguar and Land Rover very much prefer Tata. I suspect not because theyre an Indian company but because of their track record in the way theyve managed acquisitions. They by and large have not done wide-scale layoffs, they have not done lots of consolidation; theyve focused on leveraging the strengths and the capabilities they have acquired. Singh: I agree with everything John Paul is saying. My comment is that its important for the Tatas not to get distracted by the nationalism and those kinds of things, which are all inevitable and natural. And I think its good, the pride is well-placed. You know the pride in Tatas by Indian investors and others is well placed. But fundamentally, this transaction has to perform because its a large transaction. I think there is a very good chance of performing. But I think it important for them to not get wrapped in the overlay of national pride and British colonialism and all those things. [emailprotected]:Ford really had a tough time during the many years that it owned these brands. What could the Tatas do differently to make sure that the acquisitions pay off? Singh: Its correct that Ford struggled quite a bit with these transactions. One of the issues that John Paul mentioned earlier was that Ford is in financial trouble. So if you were to think about Tatas approach to all of this, they could get a good price because its a distress sale. I mentioned market replacement value and there is a good chance that the $2.3 billion is well below replacement value because Ford bought Jaguar for a similar reason. They wanted that luxury nameplate. And Land Rover also is a high-end nameplate. But we can also ask that based on these multiple bidders present, that what we will get is kind of almost an auction-like value, right? Except that it will, given that the bidders are all well-informed and they have had access to the books this is a private transaction, its not a pub

Economic Interdependence Essay

Between 1939 and 1945, World War II took the lives of over 60 million people worldwide, making it the deadliest military conflict in the history of mankind. These statistics are so staggering that if famine were hypothetically eradicated from the earth, war would stand as the largest executioner of mankind. With that in mind, it would be safe to assume that today’s global leaders are in no way in favor of engaging in an armed conflict with another nation. Sadly, this is not necessarily the case we see in reality; wars are still being fought to attain fundamental components such as territory or political freedom. There are, however, theoretical aspects in today’s globalized society that allows political leaders to prevent military disputes from occurring in the first place. The question then becomes: is it possible to prevent or diminish war onset between dyads and if so, how? It is important to ask this question mainly because war is still very much a relevant aspect in our current international system. From the Gulf War to the War on Terror in the Middle East, military conflict seems to be the go-to option for a country seeking to achieve their goal when no other choice seems viable. In essence, war still occurs even in the relatively evolved society we currently inhabit because it has historically proved that brute force is at times the only practical option. The American Revolutionary War, for example, demonstrated that the colonies did not have the luxury of simply claiming their independence from Britain. The colonists had no choice but to fight for their freedom in order to become independent. Such historical instances demonstrate what war can accomplish, thus justifying why countries save war as a last resort. The majority of the time, however, military disputes are not the best course of action to undergo so finding a way to prevent war is a nation’s best alternative. By no means does this question have a definitive answer since war is a highly perplex, multi-faceted phenomenon but I will attempt to propose the best strategy leaders can take to reduce the possibility of war. In this paper I will call attention to several theoretical answers to the research question above, each with their own advantages and faults. The possible solutions to decrease military conflicts between dyads are based upon the governmental aspects of each country – such as regime type or levels of trade – and their influence on the relationship with another nation. The most recognized theories that could reduce the likelihood of war are the Democratic peace theory, balance of power theory and the commercial peace theory. The validity of each of these theories will be outlined to highlight their potential to help dyads avoid armed conflict. However, the latter theory will be the focus of this paper as my hypothesis stems from the belief that an increase in economic interdependence within a dyad leads to an overall decrease in militarized interstate disputes (MIDs) between that dyad. In order to validate my argument, I will first make an argument for each theory and then continue by creating a case that trade truly diminishes war. First, the Democratic peace theory is defined as a theory in political science and philosophy which holds that democracies—specifically, liberal democracies—almost never go to war with one another (Gartzke 2000). The idea behind ‘democracies do not fight one another’ is sustained by the fact that when two democracies confront one another in conflicts of interest, they are able to effectively employ democratic bargaining in their interaction, which then prevents most disagreements from escalating to a military conflict. In a struggle between democracies, by the time the two states are militarily ready for war, diplomats have had the opportunity to find a nonviolent solution to the dispute (Gartzke 2000). The concept behind democratic peace bears a close resemblance to a ‘them vs. us’ mentality. Countries take more into account what other likeminded states think of them over the ones with a completely different structure and ideals; it is easier to rally with people of the same beliefs. Nations that share democratic principles will be more concerned with pushing that same mindset and threatened by opposing regimes extending their reach, thus leading democracies to rely on each other. It is more beneficial being on the same side, than it is against one another. Unfortunately, the Democratic peace theory begins to start falling apart at the seams once you take into consideration the foundation that defines democratic peace. The first problems stems from the inaccurate definition of democracy, which calls into question the alleged evidence in support of the theory. Methodology used in collecting data to test whether or not a country is democratic is unscientific and democracies have been involved in conflict with each other at a much higher rate than what the proponents have determined. Even if the definition of democracies were accurately outlined, the current data would still be insufficient to establish a causal link between the democratic political institutions of a state and the frequency with which that state will engage in conflicts with other democracies (Layne 1994). The relative peace between democracies may just as well be the consequence of the international power structure of recent decades. If such is true, the very foundation of the democratic peace theory collapses. Next, the balance of power theory centers on the idea that when one nation or coalition increases its power or employ it more assertively, threatened states will respond by increasing their own power, usually by creating a counter-balancing alliance. Since the rise of major players in the international system, e. g. he United States, the balance of power among the most powerful states has been a delicate aspect that can potentially create complications or prevent them altogether. For example, if China were to somehow generate enough momentum and overthrow the United States in terms of global power, the US would most likely become agitated and retaliate with armed force. Alternatively, it can also act as a component for peace; a defeated nation can receive leniency from the major power and allow them to reestablish themselves prior to their conflict. The most important factor affecting the relation between the distribution of power and the likelihood of war is whether the terms of a compromise agreement that might be accepted in lieu of war affect the relative power of the antagonists and therefore the probability that the agreement will be enforced (Wagner 1994). Thus the relationship one can expect between the distribution of power and the likelihood of war depends on the specific instances that a dyad is faced with. The problem with the balance of power theory is that it is prone to security dilemmas, a concept that is generally integrated within the balance of power. With security dilemmas, none can feel at ease because both sides of a dyad want to match their power to the other, creating a never-ending quest for power. A nation’s possession of power – no matter how much the state tries to guarantee others that it is for defensive purposes only – will likely result in fear and/or suspicion from the opposing side. Thus, military disputes are expected to occur even when political â€Å"motives† for war – like territorial disputes, revenge, etc. – are absent. Nineteenth century Europe fosters many examples of how security dilemmas and balance of power created tension between states. The lack of overall authority in Europe meant that a self-help system of alliance and military force dominated the region (Wagner 1994). The justification touted by states to acquire military force was constantly outfitted as a solution of a threat to the equilibrium of the international system, which in turn validates the idea that balance of power theory acted as a cause of war in the nineteenth century. While democratic peace and balance of power theories offer intriguing premises to prevent war, they fall short in the end. Although there are several potential answers to the research question, I believe the truest method of inhibiting military disputes between two nations lies within the dyad’s economic interdependency. When it comes to the effect of economic interdependency among states, political experts are torn between two explanations. More specifically, states that are interdependent are either believed to be less likely to initiate militarized conflict – the liberal approach – or follow the realist view where bilateral trade doesn’t necessarily lead to conflict mitigation. There is compelling data on both sides of this argument but extensive research has led me to believe that the liberal perspective of trade follows this relationship more closely. The economic relationship that states share is imperative in determining whether or not they will uphold peace in order to facilitate greater benefits in the future. Economic interdependence, as explained by Gartzke, has multiple facets that embody this relationship between a dyad such as trade share, trade dependence and trade openness. Gartzke finds that these variables each have their distinct relationship with dyadic conflict, demonstrating that trade dependence and openness both decrease the probability of MID onset (2003). He notes that trade share, however, coincides with Barbieri’s findings, which indicates an increased probability for MID onset. Barbieri supports the conservative approach and states â€Å"although war sometimes leads to a temporary decline in the level of dyadic trade, in most instances war has no permanent long-term effect on trading relationships and, in fact, trade often increases in the postwar period† (Barbieri 1999). Even though Barbieri’s study makes a compelling argument, there is more evidence to support the claim that bilateral trading diminishes the chance of militarized disputes since trade mediates any tension that exists and reinforces their relationship at the international level. Nations, as rational actors in the diplomatic system, will consider trade agreements accordingly with other nations in order to gain goods and services to increase the well being of their state. This relationship between states is an important factor that will determine their rate of trade and whether or not they go to war with one another. Rational choice says that if the state is indeed rational, then their preferences are stable and transitive so they will always prefer to diminish any chance of war while at the same time benefiting from dyadic trade. Trade acts as a stabilizing force between the dyad and will prefer positive reinforcement (i. e. trade) versus negative reinforcement (i. e. war), hence transitivity. Rational choice therefore leads to the utility maximizing concept where states weigh the pros and cons of waging war on a state where mutual trade agreements take place. States will consider the most beneficial trades to maximize their gain but will also contemplate even the most miniscule trades in order to accelerate the possibility of greater trade in the future. The expectations of future trade impact the expected value of the trading option if a state decides to forgo war (Copeland 1996). In other words, although economic exchange may not offer immediate substantial gains, prospective trade opportunities prevent states from initiating conflict. Trade allows states to mutually benefit from one another while states that don’t trade gain nothing. Reed argues, â€Å"trading states can expect to gain less from a militarized clash than would nontrading states and, as a result, are more likely to accept a bargained outcome short of militarized conflict† (2003). If that benefit were no longer being exchanged, i. e. , trade, then the trading states would rather resolve their issue through negotiations rather than militarized conflict to continue receiving the benefit. In other words, the aforementioned relationship between trading and interstate conflict describes my causal process where an increase in bilateral trade leads to a decrease in MIDs. By choosing to exchange goods and/or services with states regardless of their contribution size, they are directly diminishing the probability of going to war with the opposing state. Alternatively, the relationship is reversed when trade is absent between a dyad since there is nothing to inhibit one another from attacking. Another benefit that comes from high levels of commercial exchange is described as the ‘information-maximizing’ theory: a belief that bilateral trade not only produces benefits from tangible goods but also intangible benefits such as increased information, which reduces the likelihood of hostility between the dyad (Reed 2003). Economic interdependence mitigates the effect of uncertainty through transparency and full disclosure agreements that lead to an enhanced probability of settlement short of militarized conflict. Interdependent states prefer the benefits gained from trade – tangible or intangible – because it allows the states to become more informed on their opponents’ costs of war than would nontrading states. Even when existing commercial exchange is low or non-existent, positive expectations for future trade will produce a positive expected value for trade, and therefore an incentive for continued peace. From 1971 to 1973 and in the late 1980s – the two main periods of cooperation between the Cold War superpowers – positive signs from U.  S. leaders led to trade being significantly increased, which coaxed the Soviets into a more cooperative relationship, reducing the probability of war (Copeland 1996). The Cold War exemplifies the idea that trade can act as a mediator, even among opposing superpowers. Trade agreements are effective means to ensure peaceful relationships among other states. Economic interdependency creates the ability to build beneficial trade arrangements, increasing state resources and improving the dyad’s collective relationship. The correlation between interdependence and MID onset is important not only for dyads that trade at higher levels but also for those with minimal trade amounts. Furthermore, the magnitude of trade does not play an influential role in determining the importance of the trade agreement since prospective gains always outweigh a militarized strike. If we ask ourselves again if it is possible to prevent or diminish war onset between dyads, it becomes clear that preventing military disputes stems from having a well established trade arrangement. It is irrelevant if the countries are both democracies or if they are similarly matched in military power – the only thing that really matters is whether a dyad exchanges goods and/or services. Consider the United States and China today; one is a democratic, military superpower while the other is a socialist state with no exceptional global power. Yet they share a relatively prosperous, mutually beneficial commercial relationship. No matter which way you view it, trade acts as the greatest approach for peace.